SISTEM KEADILAN JENAYAH : PERBICARAAN ( SUMMARY TRIAL )

Nota : Ini adalah sebahagian nota-nota dan catitan kuliah lama yang ada dalam simpanan PG . Nota-nota ini adalah juga sumbangan sebahagaian besarnya daripada sahabat yang sama-sama belajar iaitu Che Zaimani. Semuga kita semua mendapat menafaat darinya dalam memahami sedikit sebanyak Sistem Keadilan Jenayah Malaysia.

Sistem Keadilan Jenayah
Pembicaraan (summary trial).

1. Tatacara pembicaraan terdapat dibawah seksen 173 CPC.

173. Procedure in summary trials
The following procedure shall be observed by Magistrates in summary trials:
(a) When the accused appears or is brought before the Court a charge containing the particulars of the offence of which he is accused shall be framed and read and explained to him, and he shall be asked whether he is guilty of the offence charged or claims to be tried.

(b) If the accused pleads guilty to the charge, whether as originally framed or as amended, the plea shall be recorded and he may be convicted on it and the Court shall pass sentence according to law:
Provided that before a plea of guilty is recorded the Court shall ascertain that the accused understands the nature and consequences of his plea and intends to admit, without qualification, the offence alleged against him.
[para(b) substituted by Act A979]

(c) If the accused refuses to plead or does not plead or claims to be tried, the Court shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution.
[para(c) amended by Act A979]

(d) When the Court thinks it necessary it shall obtain from the complainant or otherwise the names of any persons likely to be acquainted with the facts of the case and to be able to give evidence for the prosecution, and shall summon to give evidence before itself such of them as it thinks necessary.

(e) The accused shall be allowed to cross-examine all the witnesses for the prosecution.

(f) (i) When the case for the prosecution is concluded the Court shall consider whether the prosecution has made out a prima facie case against the accused.
(ii) If the Court finds that the prosecution has not made out a prima facie case against the accused, the Court shall record an order of acquittal.
[para(f) substituted by Act A979]

(g) Nothing in paragraph (f) shall be deemed to prevent the Court from discharging the accused at any previous stage of the case if for reasons to be recorded by the Court it considers the charge to be groundless.

(h) (i) If the Court finds that a prima facie case has been made out against the accused on the offence charged, the Court shall call upon the accused to enter on his defence.
(ii) If the Court finds that a prima facie case has been made out against the accused on an offence other than the offence charged which the Court is competent to try and which in the opinion of the Court it ought to try, the Court shall amend the charge.
[para(h) substituted by Act A979]
(i) The charge if amended shall be read to the accused as amended and he shall be again asked whether he is guilty of the offence in the charge as amended.
[para(i) amended by Act A979]

(j) (i) If the accused pleads guilty to the charge as amended, the plea shall be recorded and he may be convicted on it and the Court shall pass sentence according to law:
Provided that before a plea of guilty is recorded the Court shall ascertain that the accused understands the nature and consequences of his plea and intends to admit, without qualification, the offence alleged against him.
[subpara(i) substituted by Act A979]
(ii) If the accused does not plead guilty to the charge as amended, the accused shall be called upon to enter on his defence.
(iii) When the accused is called upon to enter on his defence, he may produce his evidence and shall be allowed to recall and cross-examine any witness present in the Court or its precincts:
Provided that if the accused elects to be called as a witness, his evidence shall be taken before that of other witnesses for the defence:
Provided further that any accused person who elects to be called as a witness may be cross-examined on behalf of any other accused person.

(k) If the accused puts in any written statement the Court shall file it with the record.

(l) (i) If the accused applies to the Court to issue any process for compelling the attendance of any witness (whether he has or has not been previously examined in the case) for the purpose of examination or cross-examination or the production of any document or other thing, the Court shall issue the process unless it considers that the application should be refused on the ground that it is made for the purpose of vexation or delay or for defeating the ends of justice, in which case that ground shall be recorded by it in writing.
(ii) The Court may, before summoning any witness on such application, require that his reasonable expenses incurred in attending for the purposes of the trial be deposited in Court.

(m) (i) At the conclusion of the trial, the Court shall consider all the evidence adduced before it and shall decide whether the prosecution has proved its case beyond reasonable doubt.
(ii) If the Court finds that the prosecution has proved its case beyond reasonable doubt, the Court shall find the accused guilty and he may be convicted on it and the Court shall pass sentence according to law.
(iii) If the Court finds that the prosecution has not proved its case beyond reasonable doubt, the Court shall record an order of acquittal.
[para(m) substituted by Act A979]

(n) When the proceedings have been instituted upon the complaint of some person upon oath under section 133 and upon any day fixed for the hearing of the case the complainant is absent and the offence may lawfully be compounded, the Court may, in its discretion, notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained, discharge the accused at any time before calling upon him to enter upon his defence.

(o) If the accused does not appear at the time and place mentioned in the summons and it appears to the Court that the summons was duly served a reasonable time before the time appointed for appearing and no sufficient ground is shown for an adjournment the Court may either proceed ex parte to hear and determine the complaint or may adjourn the hearing to a future day.

2. Adakah tatacara ini termasuk dalam kes pembicaraan didalam mahkamah session kerana ianya hanya menyebut bahawa dihadapan magistrate. Kes Tengku Abdul Aziz v PP [1951] MLJ 185 memutuskan ianya termasuk kes di mahkamah Session. Tidak semua kes mesti mengikut peraturan ini. Semenjak tahun 1975 kes-kes ESCAR hendaklah dibicara mengikut peraturan berkenaan. Tatacara berbeza juga dapat dilihat dibawah Akta Kanak-kanak,2001.

4. Tatacara kes mengaku salah (PG).

i. Tuduhan dibaca dan terang kepada tertuduh.
ii. Pengakuan ditanya.
iii. Jika tertuduh mengaku salah, beliau ditanya samada faham akibat pengakuan salah dan mengaku tanpa sebarang syarat.
iv. Jika tertuduh masih mengaku salah,
v. Pegawai pendakwa diminta mengemukakan fakta kes berkenaan dan mengemukakan sebarang barang kes jika ada. Tertuduh kemudian diminta mengakui fakta kes dan barang kes yang dikemukakan.
vi. Jika semua diakui, Magistrate akan merekod sabitan keatas kesalahan yang dilakukan.
vii. Tertuduh selepas itu diberi peluang untuk membuat rayuan untuk meringankan hukuman.
viii. Pegawai pendakwa kemudian memberi jawapan balas seperti mengemukakan butir-butir kesalahan lepas.
ix. Hukuman kemudian dijatuhkan mengikut undang-undang.
x. Magistrate kemudian memberi arahan/perintah (order) mengenai pelupusan barang kes sekirangnya ada.

5. Nota :

i. Tuduhan hendaklah dibuat mengikut seksen 152 CPC.
ii. Fakta kes boleh juga dibaca terus didalam mahkamah tanpa sebarang dokumen bertulis diserahkan kepada mahkamah.
iii. Butir-butir kesalahan lepas dikemukakan seperti seksen 152 (6).
iv. Jika terdapat hukuman kesalahan lepas Magistate mempunyai kuasa untuk menjatuhkan hukuman maksima di sediakan oleh undang-undang dibawah seksen 87(2) Akta Mahkamah Rendah.
v. Hukuman mengikut undang-undang adalah seperti yang diperuntukan dibawah undang-undang.
vi. Perintah mengenai pelupusan barang kes adalah dibawah seksen 406A CPC.

6. Tatacara jika tertuduh tidak mengaku salah.

i. Tuduhan dibaca dan diterang kepada tertuduh dan pengakuan di minta dan jika tidak mengaku salah atau minta dibicarakan;
ii. Mahkamah biasanya akan menangguhkan kes untuk memboleh pendakwaan membuat panggilan saksi-saksi yang berkaitan.
iii. Pada tarikh pembicaraan tuduhan dibaca sekali lagi dan diterangkan kepada tertuduh. Pengakuan sekali lagi akan ditanya. Sekiranya tetuduh masih tidak mengaku salah;
iv. Pendakwa diminta memulakan kesnya dengan memanggil saksi-saksinya.
v. Saksi pertama PW1 dan seterusnya dipanggil.
vi. Saksi dibuat pemereksaan utama oleh pendakwa, disoal balas oleh OKT atau peguamnya dan dipereksa semula oleh pendakwa. Tatacara ini terdapat dibawah seksen 138 Akta Keterangan. Pada masa pemereksaan utama pendakwa bolehlah mengemukakan sebarang barang kes yang berkaitan.
vii. Setelah semua saksi-saksi selesai dipanggil, pendakwa akan menutup kesnya dan menawarkan saksi-saksi yang tidak dipanggil untuk memberi keterangan kepada pihak tertuduh dengan menerangkan peranan semua saksi yang ditawarkan.
viii. Kedua-dua pihak kemudian akan memberi penghujahan/penggulongan (submission).
ix. Mahkamah kemudian akan membuat penghakiman (ruling) samada pendakwa dapat mengadakan kes Prima Facie terhadap tertuduh.
x. Sekiranya terdapat kes Prima Facie tertuduh diminta membela diri dan sekiranya tidak tertuduh akan dibebas dan dilepaskan.
xi. Jika tertuduh di panggil untuk membela diri dia diberi tiga pilihan

7. Pilihan.

1) Berdiam diri.
2) Memberi keterangan tidak bersumpah di dalam kadang tertuduh dan tidak boleh disoal balas oleh pendakwa.
3) Memberi keterangan bersumpah didalam kadang saksi dan boleh di soal balas oleh pendakwa.

xii. Kes untuk pembelaan kemudian bermula dengan keterangan pertama oleh tetuduh dan saksi-saksi dipanggil olehnya. Pada peringkat ini pemereksaan balas dijalankan oleh pihak pendakwa.

xiii. Kes untuk pembelaan dimulai dengan saksi DW1 dan seterusnya dan bagitu juga barang kes dikemukakan dinamakan barang kes pembelaan 1 dan seterusnya.

xiv. Setelah semua saksi pembelaan di panggil, pihak pembelaan akan menutup kesnya.

xv. Kedua-dua pihak kemudian akan membuat penghujahan.

xvi. Mahkamah selepas itu akan membuat penghakiman samada pendakwa telah membuktikan kesnya diluar sebarang keraguan munasabah atau tidak.

xvii. Sekiranya tidak terbukti diluar keraguan munasabah, tertuduh akan dibebas dan dilepaskan.

xviii. Sekiranya pendakwa berjaya membuktikan kesnya diluar keraguan munasabah, mahkamah akan mensabitkan kesalahan terhadap tertuduh.

xix. Tertuduh selepas itu diminta memberi rayuan untuk mengurangkan hukuman.

xx. Pendakwa selepas itu diberi peluang untuk menjawab dan mengemukakan butir-butir kesalahan lepas jika ada.

xxi. Hukuman selepas itu dijatuhkan mengikut undang-undang.

xxii. perintah mengenai pelupusan barang kes dikeluarkan oleh mahkamah.

8. Nota :

i. Penangguhan kes dibuat mengikut seksen 159 CPC.
ii. Terdapat beberapa tatacara pertanyaan kepada kepada saksi

1) Tidak boleh soalan memimpin – seksen 141.
2) Soalan memimpin hanya boleh ditanya mengenai perkara pengenalan – seksen 143.
3) Soalan hendaklah berkaitan –seksen 149, 5.
4) Soalan tidak boleh lucah atau niat menggangu – seksen 151,152.

iii. Pendakwa boleh membuka kesnya dengan beberapa pengenalan dibawah seksen 174 CPC tetapi jarang di praktikkan.

iv. Seksen 182 menyatakan kedudukan pendakwa adalah ` reply` (menjawab). Oleh yang demikian penghujahan biasa yang dilakukan oleh peguam terlebih dulu.

v. 3 pilihan yang diberikan kepada tertuduh tidak terdapat dibawah mana-mana undang-undang ianya merupakan rule and practice.

vi. Butir-butir kesalahan lepas hanya diberikan melalui rekod yang disimpan oleh pendaftar cap jari mengikut Akta Pendaftaran Penjenayah dan Orang-orang bangsat.

vii. Prima Facie –there is a case for the accused to answer.

viii. Mahkamah selepas bicara boleh mensabitkan tuduhan diatas kesalahan lain jika didapati demikian dibawah seksen 167 CPC dan sekiranya didapati kesalahan yang dia tidak mempunyai bidang kuasa, Magistrate boleh memindah kes tersebut ke Mahkamah lebih tinggi dibawah seksen 177 CPC.