Nota : Kuliah lama PG yang ada dalam simpanan. Ia adalah juga catatan tambahan yang dibuat oleh seorang yang amat dedikasi di dalam kelas kami . Setinggi terima kaseh kepada Che Zaimani yang begitu rajin dalam membantu kami dahulu. Kepada semua pelayar blog ini, semuga dengan paparan ini, ianya akan memberi menafaat kepada semua dalam memahami secara ringkas mengenai Sistem keadilan Jenayah Di Malaysia. TqParlimen bukanlah kuasa tertinggi oleh kerana :
i. Kuasa parlimen terbatas dalam beberapa perkara.
ii. Keputusannya boleh dibuat judicial review.
iii. Tidak boleh membuat undang-undang sesuka hati tanpa mendapat sokongan 2/3 dari semua dewan.
* undang-undang syariah tidak dapat dijadikan perlembagaan kerana undang-undang syariah disemua negeri tidak sama.
* perlembagaan Malaysia adalah diasaskan dari Perlembagaan India.
Pembentukan undang-undang atas permohonan negeri.
Mengikut peruntukan artikel 76 (c) negeri boleh meminta parlimen membuat undang-undang. Contoh undang-undang dibuat dibawah peruntukan ini adalah Kanun Tanah Negara dan Akta Kerajaan Tempatan.
76. Power of Parliament to legislate for States in certain cases
(1) Parliament may make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List, but only as follows, that is to say:
(c) if so requested by the Legislative Assembly of any State.
Perkara bersangkutan islam adalah dibawah bidang kuasa negeri.
76. Power of Parliament to legislate for States in certain cases
(1) Parliament may make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List, but only as follows, that is to say:
(2) No law shall be made in pursuance of paragraph (a) of Clause (1) with respect to any matters of Islamic law or the custom of the Malays or to any matters of native law or custom in the States of Sabah and Sarawak and no Bill for a law under that paragraph shall be introduced into either House of Parliament until the Government of any State concerned has been consulted.
Adakah perlembagaan tertinggi.
Perlembagaan adalah tertinggi kerana artikel 4 menyatakan ianya adalah tertinggi. Parlimen adalah terbatas dari segi kuasa. Beberapa undang-undang yang dibuat oleh Parlimen dapat diistihar oleh perlembagaan sebagai tidak sah.
Tetapi,
Walaupun perlembagaan adalah tertinggi Parlimen sebenarnya dibekalkan dengan kuasa yang tidak terbatas. Contohnya Parlimen boleh meminda perlembagaan.
Parlimen boleh membuat undang-undang bagi keseluruhan persekutuan dan negeri-negeri boleh membuat undang-undang untuk negeri tersebut seperti artikel 73 . Jika terdapat konflik maka undang-undang parlimen di pakai.
73. Extent of federal and State laws
In exercising the legislative powers conferred on it by this Constitution -
(a) Parliament may make laws for the whole or any part of the Federation and laws having effect outside as well as within the Federation;
(b) the Legislature of a State may make laws for the whole or any part of that State.
75. Inconsistencies between federal and State laws
If any State law is inconsistent with a federal law, the federal law shall prevail and the State law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
Perkara yang boleh dibuat undang-undang adalah seperti jadual 9 perlembagaan.
Senarai pertama jadual 9 adalah untuk Parlimen.
Senarai kedua jadual 9 adalah untuk negeri.
Senarai ketiga jadual 9 adalah untuk kedua-dua Parlimen dan Negeri.
Apabila Sabah dan Serawak menyertai Malaysia terdapat 2 lagi senarai ditambah untuk kedua-dua negeri ini. Ianya adalah senarai tambahan untuk negeri Sabah dan Serawak dan senarai tambahan untuk negeri Sabah dan Serawak serta parlimen.Jumlah keseluruhan terdapat 5 senarai.
Negeri-negeri mampunyai kuasa exclusive bagi kuasa undang-undang yang dibuat oleh mereka. Contohnya dalam kes Mamat Daud ianya dibawah kuasa undang-undang negeri maka Parlimen tidak mempunyai kuasa.
Tetapi,
Kuasa-kuasa negeri ini boleh hentikan oleh Parlimen dalam keadaan-keadaan berikut :
i. Semasa darurat – artikel 150(4), (5), (6).
150. Proclamation of emergency
(4) While a Proclamation of Emergency is in force the executive authority of the Federation shall, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, extend to any matter within the legislative authority of a State and to the giving of directions to the Government of a State or to any officer or authority thereof
(5) Subject to Clause (6a), while a Proclamation of Emergency is in force, Parliament may, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution make laws with respect to any matter, if it appears to Parliament that the law is required by reason of the emergency; and Article 79 shall not apply to a Bill for such a law or an amendment to such a Bill, nor shall any provision of this Constitution or of any written law which requires any consent or concurrence to the passing of a law or any consultation with respect thereto, or which restricts the coming into force of a law after it is passed or the presentation of a Bill to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent.
(6) Subject to Clause (6a), no provision of any ordinance promulgated under this Article, and no provision of any Act of Parliament which is passed while a Proclamation of Emergency is in force and which declares that the law appears to Parliament to be required by reason of the emergency, shall be invalid on the ground of inconsistency with any provision of this Constitution.
* darurat telah di tafsirkan lebih luas iaitu termasuklah seperti banjir dan malapetaka alam.
Parlimen juga boleh masuk campur didalam hal kerajaan negeri dalam keadaan seperti artikel 76 iaitu perlaksaan perjanjian antarabangsa,penyamaan undang-undang dan apabila diminta oleh negeri-negeri berkenaan.
76. Power of Parliament to legislate for States in certain cases
(1) Parliament may make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List, but only as follows, that is to say:
(a) for the purpose of implementing any treaty, agreement or convention between the Federation and any other country, or any decision of an international organisation of which the Federation is a member; or
(b) for the purpose of promoting uniformity of the laws of two or more States; or
(c) if so requested by the Legislative Assembly of any State.
Parlimen juga boleh meminda Perlembaaan tanpa meminta nasihat dari Kerajaan Negeri. Contohnya dalam kes Kerajaan Kelantan Vs Kerajaan Malaya [1963] 1 MLJ 355.
* pembahagian kuasa negeri dan perlimen tidaklah bagitu benar ujud.
[ fakta kes – Kerajaan kelantan membantah kemasukan Sabah dan Serawak dan mendakwa kemasukan mereka bercanggah dengan Perlembagaan oleh kerana negeri-negeri tidak di minta persetujuan – keputusan – Parlimen tidak perlu meminta kebenaran dari kerajaan negeri.]VERNMENT OF THE STATE OF KELANTAN v THEGOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERATION OF MALAYA AND TUNKU
ABDUL RAHMAN PUTRA AL-HAJ
On 9 July 1963 the Governments of the Federation of Malaya, United Kingdom, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore signed the Malaysia Agreement whereby Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo would federate with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya (including Kelantan) and whereafter the Federation would be called “Malaysia”. The Federal Parliament then passed the Malaysia Act (the bill form of which had been annexed to the Malaysia Agreement) to amend the Federation of Malaya Constitution, 1957, Article 1(1) and (2) to provide, inter alia, for the admission of the three new States and for the alteration of the name of the Federation to that of “Malaysia”.
The Act received the Royal Assent on 26 August and was to come into operation on 16 September. On 10 September the Government of the State of Kelantan commenced proceedings for declarations that the Malaysia Agreement and the Malaysia Act were null and void or alternatively were not binding on the State. It was argued for the State of Kelantan that the Malaysia Act would abolish the “Federation of Malaya” thereby violating the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957; that the proposed changes needed the consent of each of the constituent States, including Kelantan, and this had not been obtained; that the Ruler of Kelantan should have been a party to the Malaysia
Agreement; that constitutional convention called for consultation with Rulers of individual States as to substantial changes to be made to the Constitution; and that the Federal Parliament had no power to legislate for Kelantan in respect of any matter regarding which that State had its own legislature. On 11 September the plaintiff Government gave notice of motion that pending the ultimate disposal of their suit, the Court should by order restrain the defendants from carrying into effect any of the provisions of the Malaysia Act. The question then for decision was whether on the facts before the Court there was a probability that the plaintiff Government was entitled to the relief they sought.
Holdings:
Held: (1) Parliament in enacting the Malaysia Act so as to amend inter alia Article 1(1) and (2) acted within the powers granted to it by Article 159 of the Constitution. The Constitution which formed an integral part of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957, (to which Kelantan was a party) did not require consultation with any State as a condition to be fulfilled; (2) the Malaysia Agreement was signed for the “Federation of Malaya” by the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and four members of the Cabinet. This was in compliance with Articles 39 and 80(1) of the Constitution and there is nothing whatsoever in the Constitution requiring consultation with any State Government or the Ruler of any State.
Quaere:
Whether in proceedings against the Government, the Court has jurisdiction to make an interim injunction or an interim declaration or any other interim order.
Terdapat peruntukan hak kebebasan asasi dari artikel 5 hingga 13. Kebebasan ini tidak boleh di cabul oleh undang-undang biasa.(ordinary laws). Banyak contoh-contoh boleh dibuat dalam kes-kes habeas corpus.
Tetapi,
Kebebasan ini disekat dalam hal bersangkut dengan Subversif (artikel 149), semasa darurat (artikel 150). Perlembagaan juga mengenakan peruntukan bahawa hak kebebasan tersebut pada beberapa syarat seperti kebebasan berugama dibawah artikel 11 tertakluk kepada ketenteraman awam ,kesihatan dan moral. Parlimen juga boleh meminda perlembagaan untuk menyekat kebebasan.
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