Raja Berperlembagaan.
1. Agong adalah ketua kepada negara tetapi bukan ketua kepada kerajaan dan tidak mempunyai kuasa mutlak. Agong adalah ketua `de jure` (legal ) eksekutif dan Pedana Menteri adalah ketua ` de factor` (politik). Beliau adalah ketua secara simbolik dan raja berpelembagaan(raja mengikut perlembagaan). Terdapat sekatan kuasa dalam beberapa segi dan diatur mengikut adat (conventions) .
2. Agong bertindak di atas nasihat kabinet dan kabinet bermaksud pedana menteri. Peruntukan ini terdapat pada atrikel 40 (1) dan 40 (1A).
40. Yang di-Pertuan Agong to act on advice
(1) In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or federal law the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or of a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet, except as otherwise provided by this Constitution; but shall be entitled, at his request, to any information concerning the government of the Federation which is available to the Cabinet.
3. Kuasa dan budibicara Yang diPertuan Agong.
i. Mendapat nasihat dan maklumat daripada kabinet mengikut artikel 40(1).
ii. Melantik mengikut budibicaranya seorang pedana menteri.
4. Mengikut artikel 40(2) dan artikel 43(3). Mengikut artikel 43(3) Pedana menteri yang di lantik mestilah datang dari Dewan Rakyat .Orang dilantik adalah orang yang mendapat kayakinan dari dewan rakyat (command the confidence) dan ini bermakna seorang pedana menteri yang dilantik tidak semestinya datang dari parti politik yang menang. Dalam keadaan di mana tiada kemenangan yang jelas iaitu di panggil ` hung parlimen` Agong boleh melantik pedana menteri dari parti yang kalah dengan syarat mendapat keyakinan dari dewan rakyat.
iii. Menangguh pembubaran dewan rakyat.
Mengikut artikel 55(3) parlimen adalah untuk jangkamasa 5 tahun dan boleh dibubarkan awal dari itu atas nasihat pedana menteri. Walaupun begitu mengikut artikel 40(2)(b) Agong adalah tidak terikat untuk menerima nasihat pedana menteri dan boleh menolak permohonan untuk membubarkan parlimen. Perkara ini dapat dilihat pada negeri Kelantan dalam tahun 1977 dan Sabah pada tahun 1994. Walaupun Agong boleh menolak permohonan pembubaran parlimen, beliau tidak boleh membubarkan parlimen atas anisiatifnya sendiri kerana mengikut artikel 40(1) beliau bertindak di atas nasihat kabinet.
iv. Memanggil mesyuarat Majlis Raja-Raja.
5. Artikel 40(2(c) menyatakan kuasa budibicaranya untuk membincangkan keistemewaan,kedudukan dan kehurmatan raja-raja.
v. Menangguhkan undang-undang.
6. Agong mempunyai kuasa budibicara untuk menangguhkan rang undang-undang selama 30 hari mengikut artikel 66. Selepas dari itu rang undang-undang akan menjadi undang-undang tanpa persetujuan agong.
66. Exercise of legislative power
(4) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall within thirty days after a Bill is presented to him assent to the Bill by causing the Public Seal to be affixed thereto.
(4a) If a Bill is not assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong within the time specified in Clause (4), it shall become law at the expiration of the time specified in that Clause in the like manner as if he had assented thereto.
(5) A Bill shall become law on being assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or as provided in Clause (4a), but no law shall come into force until it has been published, without prejudice, however, to the power of Parliament to postpone the operation of any law or to make laws with retrospective effect.
(6) Nothing in this Article or in Article 68 shall invalidate any law confirming an undertaking given by the Federal Government to the effect that a Bill to which the undertaking relates shall not be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent except in accordance with the undertaking.
vi. Membuat pelantikan khas.
i. Melantik suruhan jaya perkhidmatan awam – artikel 139(4).
ii. Perlantikan suruhan jaya pelajaran –artikel 141A(2).
iii. Perlantikan jemaah menteri –artikel 43(1).
iv. Perlantikan ketua hakim negara,mahkamah rayuan,persekutuan –perkara 122B.
v. Perlantikan ahli dewan negara –artikel 45(1)(b).
vi. Perlantikan peguam negara –artikel 145.
vii. Perlantikan juruodit negara – artikel 105.
viii. Perlantikan setiausaha dewan negara dan rakyat –artikel 65(2).
vii. Menjaga kerajaan semasa pembubaran parlimen.
7. Pembubaran parlimen adalah di bawah artikel 55(4) dan diberi masa 120 untuk membentuk kerajaan baru. Mengikut keputusan kes P.P Mohd.Amin Mohd Razali (2000) mahkamah memutuskan kuasa semasa pembubaran parlimen adalah ditangan agong di bawah artikel 40(1). Walau bagaimanapun kenyataan tersebut bercanggah dengan peruntukan perlembagaan di bawah artikel 43(2) yang menyatakan semasa perlimen dibubarkan hendaklah dilantik seorang dari dewan rakyat untuk menjalankan kerajaan.
43. Cabinet
(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall appoint a Jemaah Menteri (Cabinet of Ministers) to advise him in the exercise of his functions.
(2) The Cabinet shall be appointed as follows, that is to say:
(a) the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall first appoint as Perdana Menteri (Prime Minister) to preside over the Cabinet a member of the House of Representatives who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House; and
(b) he shall on the advice of the Prime Minister appoint other Menteri (Ministers) from among the members of either House of Parliament,
but if an appointment is made while Parliament is dissolved a person who was a member of the last House of Representatives may be appointed but shall not continue to hold office after the beginning of the next session of Parliament unless, if he has been appointed Prime Minister, he is a member of the new House of Representatives, and in any other case he is a member either of that House or of the Senate.
viii. Memecat Pedana Menteri.
Agong tidak mempunyai kuasa untuk memecat Pedana Menteri mengikut perlembagaan. Tetapi melalui artikel 43(3) sekiranya pedana menteri tidak lagi mendapat keyakinan dari anggota dewan maka agong seharusnya boleh memecat pedana menteri. Agong juga tidak terikat untuk memilih pedana menteri atas cadangan perdana menteri terdahulu.
43. Cabinet
.
(4) If the Prime Minister ceases to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the House of Representatives, then, unless at his request the Yang di-Pertuan Agong dissolves Parliament, the Prime Minister shall tender the resignation of the Cabinet.
ix. Kuasa memberi pengampunan.
Di bawah artikel 42 Agong mempunyai kuasa untuk memberi pengampunan atas nasihat lembaga pengampunan.
8. Kuasa itu seperti meringankan hukuman contohnya dari mati kepada penjara seumur hidup atau menangguhkan hukuman.
42. Power of pardon, etc
(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong has power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites in respect of all offences which have been tried by court-martial and all offences committed in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya; and the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of a State has power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites in respect of all other offences committed in his State.
x. Perundangan yang tidak mengikut perlembagaan.
9. Sekiranya rang undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh Parlimen tidak mengikut perlembagaan seperti hak istemewa orang melayu,keistemewaan raja-raja.Adakah agong terpaksa memberi persetujuan mengikut artikel 40(1) di mana beliau mesti bertindak di atas nasihat kabinet. Isu ini menjadi perbahasan. Tetapi mengikut kes english Agong tugasnya adalah memberi persetujuan dan menyerahkan kepada Mahkamah untuk memutuskanya.
10. Agong diberi kuasa budibicara dan pada masa yang sama kuasa budibicara itu mestilah mendapat nasihat dari kabinet.
xi. Menjaga hak keistimewaan orang melayu.
11. Peruntukan ini terdapat di bawah artikel 153.
153. Reservation of quotas in respect of services, permits, etc., for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak
(1) It shall be the responsibility of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to safeguard the special position of the Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate interests of other communities in accordance with the provisions of this Article.
xii. Pemerintah tertinggi angkatan tentera.
Artikel 41 – dengan ini beliau mempunyai kuasa kesalahan angkatan tentera.
xiii. Mengistiharkan darurat mengikut artikel 150.
xiv. Ketua agama islam persekutuan mengikut artikel 3.
xv. Memberi ucapan di parlimen mengikut artikel 60.
* sebarang peruntukan yang menyatakan berkuasa menyatakan sesuatu ianya hendaklah dibaca bersama dengan seksen 40(1) iaitu dengan nasihat kabinet.
3. Pelantikan dan pemecatan agong.
Peruntukan ini terdapat di bawah artikel 32.
32. Supreme Head of the Federation, and his Consort
(1) There shall be a Supreme Head of the Federation, to be called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who shall take precedence over all persons in the Federation and shall not be liable to any proceedings whatsoever in any court except in the Special Court established under Part XV.
(2) The Consort of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (to be called the Raja Permaisuri Agong) shall take precedence next after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong over all other persons in the Federation.
(3) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be elected by the Conference of Rulers for a term of five years, but may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Conference of Rulers or be removed from office by the Conference of Rulers, and shall cease to hold office on ceasing to be a Ruler.
(4) The provisions of Parts I and III of the Third Schedule shall apply to the election and removal of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
14. Hanya 9 raja-raja melayu terlibat dan ini bermakna negeri yang tidak mempunyai raja tidak boleh menjadi Agong dan tidak boleh memilih YADP. Agong juga boleh di pecat oleh Majlis Raja-Raja.
15. Kekebalan raja-raja.
Agong dan raja-raja boleh dituduh dimahkamah mengikut artikel 182 di Mahkamah khas.
Syaratnya adalah dengan keizinan peguam negara, mahkamah khas, 2 dari 5 hakim dilantik oleh Majlis Raja-raja.
182. The Special Court
(1) There shall be a court which shall be known as the Special Court and shall consist of the Chief Justice of the Federal Court, who shall be the Chairman, the Chief Judges of the High Courts, and two other persons who hold or have held office as judge of the Federal Court or a High Court appointed by the Conference of Rulers.
(2) Any proceedings by or against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Ruler of a State in his personal capacity shall be brought in a Special Court established under Clause (1).
(3) The Special Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to try all offences committed in the Federation by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Ruler of a State and all civil cases by or against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Ruler of a State notwithstanding where the cause of action arose.
(4) The Special Court shall have the same jurisdiction and powers as are vested in the inferior courts, the High Court and the Federal Court by this Constitution or any federal law and shall have its registry in Kuala Lumpur.
(5) Until Parliament by law makes special provision to the contrary in respect of procedure (including the hearing of proceedings in camera) in civil or criminal cases and the law regulating evidence and proof in civil and criminal proceedings, the practice and procedure applicable in any proceedings in any inferior court, any High Court and the Federal Court shall apply in any proceedings in the Special Court.
(6) The proceedings in the Special Court shall be decided in accordance with the opinion of the majority of the members and its decision shall be final and conclusive and shall not be challenged or called in question in any court on any ground.
(7) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may, on the advice of the Chief Justice, make such rules as he may deem necessary or expedient to provide for the removal of any difficulty or anomaly whatsoever in any written law or in the carrying out of any function, the exercise of any power, the discharge of any duty, or the doing of any act, under any written law, that may be occasioned by this Article; and for that purpose such rules may make any modification, adaptation, alteration, change or amendment whatsoever to any written law.
16. Keputusan kes Faridah Bagum.
i. Seorang warga negara asing tidak boleh mendakwa Sultan dan Raja.
ii. Mengikut artikel 155 keistimewaan diberi jika hak yang sama diberi kepada warganegara Malaysia untuk mendakwa presiden Singgapura.
155. Commonwealth reciprocity
(1) Where the law in force in any other part of the Commonwealth confers upon citizens of the Federation any right or privilege it shall be lawful, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, for Parliament to confer a similar right or privilege upon citizens of that part of the Commonwealth who are not citizens of the Federation.
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